TOPIC : THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SHIP AGENT

The ship agent is a very important person or company which undertakes the vessel when she is in a port and makes all the necessary procedures for the loading or discharging of the vessel and also helps the Master or the crew for same matters.

Definition of an Agent.he Imperial Japanese Navy felt cheated by the Americans and British at the Washington Conference in , when it was denied parity in capital ship shipping maritime marine engineerings and heavy cruisers. When Grear Britain , under pressure from the United States , refused to renew the Anglo-Japanese Treaty, this confirmed the suspicions of the military high command that Japan 's security and prosperity must not be based on any amicable relations with the Western nations. Unfortunately, any major improvement in Japanese economic and industrial prosperity could only came in some form from outside.''hc Land of the Rising Sun was desperately short of agricultural land to feed its growing population, and apart from poor-quality coal, lacked raw materials to expand industry. Democratic Republic, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands, Faroe Islands, Fiji,

The legal definition of an agent can be defined as someone, or a company, who brings his principals, the ship owner or operator, into a contractual relationship with a third party. The effect of an agency relationship is that his Principal takes on the responsibility and benefits of the contracts into which his agent enters him. In this way, the agent has no personal responsibility with regard to the contracts entered into on behalf of his principal. The agent cannot be sued on such contracts and neither can he sue the third party in relation to the contract made. The only rights an agent has is to sue the principal for any reimbursement due to him.
However, this situation can be extended by agreement and terms of the appointment can sometimes give the agent rights of lien and also the possibility of rights to sell Principal's goods to recover unpaid money due to the agent.
The agents role is to advise the client of conditions and actions which may in some way affect the port call of the ship and to advise the best method of handling a ship call for the overall benefit of the client. An agent must always act in the best interests of his client to expedite his instructions efficiently and to take care of his needs and requirements competently.The end of hostilities in hit Japan hard. Its export markets were now moving to protec­tionism and in any case the post-war slump resulted in srvrre hardship shipping maritime marine engineering.l'he ship shipping maritime marine engineeringyards became desperately short of work, and the huge capital ship shipping maritime marine engineerings under construction to challenge American and British seapower were becoming unaffordable.Thr Washington Treaty allowed the conver­sion of two large hulls to aircraft carriers, but the Tokyo Earthquake inflicted severe and lasting damage to the local ship shipping maritime marine engineeringyards­

The importance of the relationship with the third party.

For an agency relationship to be effective, third parties must be made aware that they are dealing with an agent and it is important that the agent discloses the Principal. This means that when contracts are entered into, the shipping agent must:

a)Declare that he is contracted as an agent only.
b)Inform the third party of the identity of the ultimate Principal.

These agency contracts should always be confirmed in writing either by letter, telex, facsimile identifying the Principal on whose behalf the contract is made and should always be signed by the agent "as agent on behalf of the Principal".
If the agent does not make third parties aware of the identity of the Principal, then the third parties may subsequently elect to hold the agent responsible, or the Principal.
It is of vital importance that shipping agents are clear and precise in identifying their role and the identity of their Principal when entering into contractual relationships on behalf of their Principal. This is apparent throughout the whole area of services procured by an agent for a ship's call with:

-Port Authorities
-Pilotage Authorities
-Tug Operators
-Linesmen
-Stevedoring Companies
-Transport Companies
-Ship Chandler and Supplies
-Bunker Supplies
-Travel Agents
-Hotels
And any other facilities or services procured on behalf of a Principal.
Although near-miracles were achieved in rebuilding the existing capital ship shipping maritime marine engineerings, it was clear to the Naval Staff that the ship shipping maritime marine engineerings could not undergo improvements in fighting power indefinitely. The fleet could not, therefore, hope to have a decisive margin over modern Aincrican or British battleship shipping maritime marine engineerings in a fleet action. Out of this was born the germ of an idea to build battleship shipping maritime marine engineerings outside the limits imposed by the Washington Treaty and its successors If there were no limits on gun­calibre and standard displacement, a truly decisive margin of offence and defence could be guar­anteed.Finland, France, French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern Territories, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greece, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati,

The obligations of an agent :

a)Not to buy, sell, contract or otherwise deal with his Principals without full disclosure of the nature of the transaction.
b)To always keep his Principal's funds and assets entrusted to him separate from his own funds and in a form that can be identified and made secure.
c)The agent must not make any secret profits in relation to his dealings on behalf of his Principal.
d)The agent must always follow the instructions given to him by his Principal. This is implicit in an agency agreement.
e)The agent has a duty to absolute confidentially and must never make disclosure to any other party of his Principal's dealing.
f)The appointment as agent may be for specific tasks at the end of which the agency contract with his Principal terminates when the tasks are complete; or an agency appointment may be for a specific period or again it may be continuing until terminated be either side.

CISBACLUB.

CISBACLUB is dealing with the affairs of agents and their cover embraces almost all the problems likely to be encountered through some insurance companies.
In same cases it may be limited to "errors and missions" which would restrict the cover to mistakes made by the agent himself. This would not cover mistakes made by others for which the agent may be liable.
CISBACLUB also cover "breach of warranty of authority" because it would have been done deliberately in good faith but for some reason the principal repudiates what the agent had done so that the third part's claim falls on the agent's own shoulders.

They may further adjust the difference against the UTC time for a local time zone. New GPS (ship tracking, maritime, marine, industry, shipping, fund) units will initially show the incorrect UTC time, or not attempt to show UTC time at all, after achieving a GPS (ship tracking, maritime, marine, industry, shipping, fund) lock for the first time. However, this is usually corrected within 15 minutes, once the UTC offset message is received for the first time. The GPS (ship tracking, maritime, marine, industry, shipping, fund)-UTC offset field is only eight bits, and so it wraps round every 256 leap seconds (At the current rate of change of the earth's rotation, the first wraparound of this field is projected to occur in the year 2330. It is plausible that all current receivers will be obsolete long before this happens). There is also a leap second warning bit, to help GPS (ship tracking, maritime, marine, industry, shipping, fund) receivers tick UTC correctly through a leap second, but its use is troublesome because of misunderstandings about its semantics.

Pseudorange
It then looks up the ephemeris data for each satellite, which was captured from the NM and stored in memory. This data is used in a formula that calculates the precise location of the satellites at that point in time.

The delay is generally between 65 and 85 milliseconds. The distance to that satellite can then be calculated directly, the so-called pseudorange. This places the receiver at the intersection of the four imaginary spheres. Since the C/A pattern repeats every millisecond, it can only be used to place the user within 300 kilometers (180 mi). Thus the multiple measurements are also needed to determine whether the receiver has lined up its internal C/A code properly, or is "one off".

The satellites themselves are equipped with extremely accurate atomic clocks, but this is not economically feasible for a receiver. Instead, the System (ship tracking, maritime, marine, industry, shipping, fund)takes redundant measurements to re-capture the correct clock information.

This technique can be applied with any four satellites. Commercial receivers therefore attempt to "tune in" to as many satellites as possible, and repeatedly make this correction. In doing so, clock errors can be reduced almost to zero. In practice, anywhere from six to ten measurements are taken in order to round out errors, and civilian receivers generally have 10 to 12 channels in total.Korea south north, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macao, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montserrat,

Accuracy

Best case
The position calculated by a GPS (ship tracking, maritime, marine, industry, shipping, fund) receiver relies on three accurate measurements: the current time, the position of the satellite, and the time delay for the signal. Errors in the clock signal can be reduced using the method above, meaning that the overall accuracy of the System (ship tracking, maritime, marine, industry, shipping, fund)is generally based on the accuracy of the position and delay.

This can be improved by using the higher-speed P(Y) signal, assuming the same 1% accuracy in locking the retrieved P-code to the internally generated version. In this case the same calculation results in an accuracy of about 30 centimeters (1 ft).

Design work started in and the first complete design was presented in March , but it went through another twenty-two stages before a final design Was approved in .The date was important because the London Navy Treaty of had renewed the tonnage and gun­calibre limits set at Washington fourteen years earlier. With a fine mixture of naivety and duplic­ity, the Japanese Naval Staff convinccd itself that if Japan refused to accept the London Treaty, it would riot be guilty of cheating if it built two much larger ship shipping maritime marine engineerings which were not completed until . It was also reasoned that the US Navy would be unable to build comparable ship shipping maritime marine engineerings because they would have too much beam to transit the Panama Canal locks, or that they might even be able to frighten the Americans into giving up the struggle and conceding Japanese hegemony in the Western Pacific. Obviously the strategy would only work if the signatories to Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Palestinian Territories, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Rιunion, Romania, Russian

Atmospheric effects
One of the biggest problems for GPS (ship tracking, maritime, marine, industry, shipping, fund) accuracy is that changing atmospheric conditions change the speed of the GPS (ship tracking, maritime, marine, industry, shipping, fund) signals unpredictably as they pass through the ionosphere. The effect is minimized when the satellite is directly overhead and becomes greater toward the horizon, since the satellite signals must travel through the greater "thickness" of the ionosphere as the angle increases. Once the receiver's rough location is known, an internal mathematical model can be used to estimate and correct for the error.

The effects of the ionosphere are generally slow-moving and can easily be tracked. The effects for any particular geographical area can be easily calculated by comparing the GPS (ship tracking, maritime, marine, industry, shipping, fund)-measured position to a known surveyed location.

the Treaty, particularly the Americans, had no idea of how big the ship shipping maritime marine engineerings would be. The other navies were, in fact, led to believe that the ship shipping maritime marine engineerings would displace no more than , tons and would be armed with ctn guns., Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, South Georgia, Sandwich Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname

It was hoped to propel the ship shipping maritime marine engineerings with a combination of steam turbines developing a total of , shp, and two-cycle double-acting diesels developing , bhp. The installation was tons heavier than an all-turbine installation, but offered much lower fuel-consumption. This design was ready in July , but two months later the prototype diesel installation in the big submarine depot ship shipping maritime marine engineering Ttigci developed a serious design-f.~rult. As the diesels in the new battleship shipping maritime marine engineerings were to be covered by in armour they would not be able to be repaired without a major refit, and as a result the plant had to be altered to an all-turbine installation.This final plan was drawn up in March .Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United

Multipath effects
A variety of receiver techniques, most notably narrow correlator spacing, have been developed to mitigate multipath errors. For long delay multipath, the receiver itself can recognize the wayward signal and discard it. To address shorter delay multipath from the signal reflecting off the ground, specialized antennas may be used. This form of multipath is harder to filter out since it is only slightly delayed as compared to the direct signalAmerica, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Virgin Islands, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe,